TErms:
Aperture is based on depth of field. A shallow depth of field is presented in the photo on the right, you can tell it was taken with a wide aperture because of the blurry background. The photo on the left displays a sharp aperture, taken in F/22 meaning a small opening in the lens.
Shutter speed determines the amount of time the light is exposed to the lens. Taking a slow shutter, as displayed on the left, exposes a lot of light which is great for dark spaces. A fast shutter speed is for capturing images in motion, like the water droplets displayed on the right.
White balance determines the amount of true white in an image. There are different types of white balance, as displayed above, which determine the temperature of your photo. (From right to left: tungsten, cool white fluorescent, fine weather, flash, cloudy weather, and shade.)
ISO deals with sensitivity to light. A low ISO is best for bright locations, while a high ISO is best in dark areas. However, the drawback to ISO is the higher your ISO, the more noise in the picture.
Lighting patterns takes many different forms. Displayed here are examples of experimental lighting, rim, split, rembrandt, and butterfly. Each pattern can be controlled by where you place the light whether it be behind, above, or to the side. Experimental is a broad term and I used the classroom blinds to experiment with. It's all about the light.